Ukulawulwa okunemibandela kokukhiqizwa kukamanyolo wezinto eziphilayo ukusebenzisana kwezimpawu zomzimba nezebhayoloji enqubweni yokwenza umquba.Izimo zokulawula zihlanganiswa ngokusebenzisana.Ngenxa yezakhiwo ezahlukene kanye nesivinini sokuwohloka, amapayipi omoya ahlukene kufanele ahlanganiswe ndawonye.
Ukulawula umswakama.
Umswakama uyisidingo esibalulekile se-organic composting, ngesikhathi sokwenza umquba, inani lamanzi elihlobene lempahla eluhlaza yomquba ngu-40% kuya ku-70%, okuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kahle kokuvundisa.Umswakama ofaneleka kakhulu ungama-60-70%.Umswakama ophezulu noma ophansi kakhulu wezinto ezibonakalayo uthinta umsebenzi we-aerobic microbial, ngakho ukulawulwa kwamanzi kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuvutshelwa.Lapho umswakama wempahla ungaphansi kuka-60%, isivinini sokushisa sihamba kancane futhi izinga lokushisa liyancipha.Umswakama ongaphezu kuka-70%, unomthelela ekungeneni komoya, ukwakheka kokuvutshelwa kwe-anaerobic, ukushisa kancane, ukubola okungekuhle nokunye.Ukwengeza amanzi enqwabeni yomquba kungasheshisa ukuvuthwa kanye nokuzinza komquba.Amanzi kufanele agcinwe ku-50-60%.Ngemuva kwalokho, engeza umswakama ukuze ugcine ku-40% kuya ku-50%.
Ukulawula izinga lokushisa.
Kungumphumela womsebenzi we-microbial, onquma ukusebenzisana kwezinto.Esigabeni sokuqala sengqumbi yokwenza umquba, izinga lokushisa lingama-30 kuya ku-50° C, futhi umsebenzi othanda igazi ukhiqiza ukushisa, okudala izinga lokushisa lomquba.Izinga lokushisa elilungile ngu-55 kuya ku-60 degreesCelsius.Ama-microorganisms aphethwe ukushisa anciphisa inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo futhi aphule i-cellulose ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane.Amazinga okushisa aphezulu ayadingeka ukuze kubulawe imfucumfucu enobuthi, amaqanda e-pathogen parasite kanye nembewu yokhula, njll. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kuthatha amasonto amabili kuya kwamathathu ukubulala imfucumfucu eyingozi emazingeni okushisa angama-55 kuya ku-65degreesC, noma amahora ambalwa ku-70degrees C. Okuqukethwe umswakama isici esithinta izinga lokushisa lomquba.Umswakama omningi wehlisa izinga lokushisa lomquba.Ukulungisa okuqukethwe kwamanzi ngesikhathi sokwenza umquba kuyahambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.Ngokwandisa umswakama kanye nokugwema izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngesikhathi sokuvundisa, izinga lokushisa lingancishiswa.
Ukwenza umquba kungenye into elawula izinga lokushisa.Ukwenza umquba kungalawula izinga lokushisa lempahla, kuthuthukise ukuhwamuka futhi kuphoqe umoya engqumbini.Ukusebenzisa i-walk-on compost turntable kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa le-reactor.Ibonakala ngokusebenza okulula, intengo ephansi nokusebenza okuphezulu.Lungisa ukuvama komquba ukulawula izinga lokushisa kanye nesikhathi sokushisa okuphezulu.
Ukulawula isilinganiso se-C/N.
Uma isilinganiso se-C/N sifanelekile, ukwenza umquba kungenziwa kahle.Uma isilinganiso se-C/N siphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen kanye nemvelo elinganiselwe yokukhula, izinga lokuwohloka kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo liyancipha, okuholela esikhathini eside sokwenza umquba.Uma isilinganiso se-C/N siphansi kakhulu, ikhabhoni ingasetshenziswa ngokugcwele futhi i-nitrogen eyeqile ilahleka ngesimo se-ammonia.Akuthinti nje imvelo kuphela, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle komanyolo we-nitrogen.Ama-microorganisms akha inzalo ye-microbial ohlelweni lwe-organic composting.Ngesisekelo sesisindo esomile, impahla eluhlaza iqukethe u-50% wekhabhoni no-5% we-nitrogen kanye no-0.25% we-phosphate.Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi batusa ukuthi umquba ofanele C/N ungu-20-30%.
I-C/N ratio ye-organic compost ingalawulwa ngokungeza izinto eziqukethe ikhabhoni ephezulu noma i-nitrogen.Ezinye izinto ezinjengotshani nokhula kanye nezinkuni ezifile namaqabunga aqukethe i-fiber nama-ligands kanye ne-pectin.Ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo kwe-C/N, ingasetshenziswa njengesithako sekhabhoni esiphezulu.Ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen, ubulongwe bemfuyo bungasetshenziswa njengesithako se-nitrogen esiphezulu.Isibonelo, umquba wezingulube uqukethe u-80% we-ammonium nitrogen etholakala kuma-microorganisms, okukhuthaza ngempumelelo ukukhula nokukhiqizwa kwama-microorganisms futhi kusheshisa ukuvuthwa komquba.Umshini omusha we-organic fertilizer granulation ulungele lesi sigaba.Izithasiselo zingangezwa ezidingweni ezahlukene lapho izinto ezingavuthiwe zingena emshinini.
Ukungena komoya kanye nokutholakala kwe-oxygen.
Umquba womquba uyisici esibalulekile sokuntuleka komoya kanye nomoya-mpilo.Umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukuhlinzeka nge-oxygen edingekayo ekukhuleni kwama-microorganisms.Lawula izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nesikhathi sokwenzeka komquba ngokulawula ukungena komoya ukuze ulungise izinga lokushisa lokusabela.Ukungena komoya okwengeziwe kususa umswakama ngenkathi kugcinwa izimo zokushisa ezisezingeni eliphezulu.Ukungena komoya okulungile kanye nomoya-mpilo kunganciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-nitrogen nephunga kanye nomswakama emikhiqizweni yomquba, kulula ukugcina amanzi emikhiqizo ye-organic fertilizer ibe nomthelela kuma-pores kanye nomsebenzi we-microbial, okuthinta ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen.Kuyisici esibalulekile ekwenzeni umquba we-aerobic.Kudingeka ukulawula umswakama nomoya omncane ngesisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo, futhi kuzuzwe ukuxhumanisa kwamanzi nomoya-mpilo.Uma kubhekwa kokubili, kungakhuthaza ukukhiqizwa nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-microorganisms futhi kuthuthukise izimo zokulawula.Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo kukhula kancane kancane ngaphansi kwama-degrees C angu-60, nokuthi inani lokungena komoya nomoya kufanele lilawulwe ngokwamazinga okushisa ahlukene.
PH ukulawula.
Amanani e-PH athinta yonke inqubo yokwenza umquba.Ezigabeni zokuqala zokwenziwa komquba, i-PH ithinta ukusebenza kwamagciwane.Isibonelo, i-PH-6.0 iyindawo yomngcele wokuvuthwa kwezingulube kanye ne-sawdust.Ivimbela ukukhiqizwa kwe-carbon dioxide nokushisa ku-PH-6.0, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-carbon dioxide nokushisa kwanda ngokushesha ku-PH-6.Uma ungena esigabeni sokushisa okuphezulu, inhlanganisela yenani eliphezulu le-PH kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kubangela i-ammonia volaten.Ama-microorganisms ancipha abe ama-asidi ephilayo ngomquba, ehlise i-pH ibe cishe ku-5. Ama-asidi ephilayo ashintshashintshayo abe ehwamuka njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka.Ngesikhathi esifanayo i-ammonia ihlanjalazwa yizinto eziphilayo, okwenza i-PH ikhuphuke.Ekugcineni lizinza ezingeni eliphezulu.Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu omquba, amanani e-PH angafinyelela izinga eliphezulu lomquba ukusuka ku-7.5 kuya ku-8.5 amahora.I-PHH eyeqile ingaholela nasekuhwamukeni ngokweqile kwe-ammonia, ngakho-ke i-PHH ingancishiswa ngokungeza i-aluminium ne-phosphoric acid.Ukulawula izinga likamanyolo wezinto eziphilayo akulula.Lokhu kulula uma kuqhathaniswa nesimo esisodwa.Kodwa-ke, i-material iyasebenzisana futhi kufanele ihlanganiswe nenqubo ngayinye ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthuthukiswa okuphelele kwezimo zokuvundisa.Ukwenza umquba kungaphathwa kahle uma izimo zokulawula zizinhle.Ngakho-ke, umanyolo wekhwalithi ephezulu ungakhiqizwa futhi usetshenziswe njengomanyolo ongcono kakhulu wezitshalo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-22-2020